Mobile Phone and Skype Users Essay

1. Describe the environment in which Skype competes based on the three characteristics of high-tech markets (Chapter 1). Skype competes in the Internet telephony market, which provides voice-over-internetprotocol (VOIP) services to users. This allows users to install the software on their computers and make call through the Internet for free. Skype makes small charges for per-minute calls to landlines and mobile phones. The three common characteristics of high-tech markets are 1) market uncertainty; 2) technological uncertainty and 3) competitive volatility. 1) Market uncertainty a) The users are uncertain about the security and potential vulnerabilities exposed by the Skype system. Users doubt the reliability of the system. It is often not used for making emergency cases or highly important matters like calling the ambulance or police. b) There exist different VOIP platforms. There is platform dependency, where only Skype users can make calls to users who are using the Skype platform. c) Users move in herd behavior and there is increasing popularity in using social platform like MSN messenger, which also provides VOIP service. Thus there is a shift of users to more popular platform. 2) Technological uncertainty a) Windows update caused potential glitch in the system. This caused blackouts to users, which caused lost of trust in the Skype system. b) Users doubted the privacy security of the system, which could be intruded by unknown strangers calling using Skype. c) Users can easily disguise themselves and falsify their identities when registering to use the platform. Thus unregulated membership increases the rise of misusing the technology for crimes. 3) Competitive Volatility a) There is an increasing direct competition from large competitors such as Yahoo, MSN and Google. These players have diverted Skype users as this free voice-communication over the net is integrated into each of the social platform. As the network becomes larger, some of these services might utilize revenue model of Skype by adding value-added service to call users by landlines and mobile phones and provide it for free. b) The rising popularity in the use of Iphone also means there is a increase of other free calling services provided by Tango and Facetime etc. these platform provide the ability for users to conveniently call using their phone or gadgets like Ipad.

Japanese Foreign Policy and Economic Aggressions

A major part of Japan†s history from the late Nineteenth Century up to 1914 was military aggression. During this period there were many economic, social and political pressures that facilitated military expansion. Japanese militarism manifested on the Asian mainland in wars, aggression and military presence on foreign soil. Japan†s foreign policy was influenced by it†s government, education, religion and social structure. Economic pressures facilitating military expansion up to 1914. Japan was a new consumer economy that had changed from feudal economy in a very short time period of forty years. This caused many problems and in the 1890†³s Japan was in a severe economic depression and Japan was importing far more than they were exporting. Japan found it difficult to break into established overseas markets where countries had been trading for much longer than Japan. And so Japan was under pressure to expand it†s borders for raw materials and new overseas markets to sell to. Japan also wanted recognition from the western powers as a valuable market. During this time period there was also social pressures for Japan to expand. The traditional Bushido, the fighting spirit of Japan enabled the military to expand, as opposed to if Japan were a more peaceful, pacifist country. A change in social structure meant that anyone could become part of the army from the old class of the Samurai warriors. In 1873 conscription was introduced mainly from peasants to serve three years, with the motto, â€Å"Enrich the country, strengthen the army†. Another social pressure to expand was increased urbanisation. By 1907, Tokyo and Osaka had waterworks and other public facilities, but before this and in many other cities they had no amenities like modern sewerage systems. There was also pollution, a problem encountered by every country during industrialisation especially prominent due to the cramped conditions of Japanese cities. Political pressures also helped Japan to expand up to 1914. There were many changes to the political system that moved it towards a more centralised and democratic system. This meant that there was national power, which led to nationalism within the people of Japan. Despite this nationalism there was widespread discontent within Japan with new land tax on the peasants and low wages for workers in the cities. The government saw expansion as a way to distract them from their problems and focus on wars abroad. Again Japan wanted international recognition as a power, the government saw examples of other strong countries expanding like Britain in India and France in Indo-China. Japan needed this recognition for bargaining power with the Western Powers. Japanese Militarism manifested on the Asian mainland in the Sino-Japanese War(1894-95). This war was over China†s and Japan†s interest in Korea, where both countries wanted to influence the government and prevent Western influence. China had claimed control over Korea for many years, but as it was in such close proximity and was rich in the raw materials of coal and iron, Japan was interested. Japan forced Korea to trade and declare itself independent of China, while China continued to financially assist conservative officials in connection with the royal family. After troubles in Korea both countries sent in troops, but war was avoided by the signing of the Li-Ito Convention(1885). But in 1894 both China and Japan sent forces into Korea on the request of the King due to a rebellion. After this Japan refused to remove troops from Korea and so war was declared on 1st of August 1894. Western countries were amazed at how easily Japan defeated China. China had a large and fairly modern navy, but it†s army lacked trained men and so they lost badly. China did not have the modern warfare methods of Japan which soon had total control over Korea. China agreed to pay a large indemnity to Japan and to give all the trading privileges to Japan. Japanese victory marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese Empire. Later though the victory was dampened by the Triple Intervention of France, Russia and Germany, which forced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China. In the Russo-Japanese War(1904-05) Japanese forces also manifested on the Asian mainland. War began on the 8th of February 1904 when Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on a Russian naval base in Port Aurthur. Russia had huge numbers of manpower but the war 8000km from Moscow, linked by only one railway and lacked support of the Russian people. Meanwhile Japan was within easy distance of the battle and although they had few soldiers in comparison they were well led and supported. After a long battle at sea where both parties had suffered high casualties the war was ended by the American President, Roosevelt. Russia was forced to recognise Japan†s intense interests in Korea, transfer the lease of the Liaotung Peninsula to Japan and give Japan power over the railway between Port Arthur to Mukden. Japan was refused their request of indemnity from Russia but was not willing to fight another war for it. The Russo-Japanese War forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East and it was the first time that an Asian power had defeated a European power. In 1910, Japan formally established a protectorate over Korea. The Japanese government assisted foreign policy and was influenced by it. The government was backed by the army, which was important as no government could continue without it. In return the government introduced conscription and provided monetary support. With a successful foreign policy, the government grew more confident in dealings with other countries. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance(1902) was a definite confidence booster for the government. By it, Japan and Britain agreed that if two powers attacked either then the other must help. Education also assisted in and influenced by the success of Japan†s foreign policy. In Japan education became compulsory in 1872, and was centrally run. The Japanese education system glorified the Emperor, and the idea that the interests of the nation is more important than one†s own. Uniformity and nationalism were incorporated into the education system along with obedience to authority, all attributes associated with the armed forces. In turn the education system grew more militaristic and praised Japan†s successes in foreign policy. Religion also helped foster a successful foreign policy. Shinto co-existed peacefully with other religions in Japan until the late 1870†³s when the modernizing government suppressed other religions and adapted Shinto teachings for government propaganda in support of the military. The government stressed that Shinto was the best religion as it wasn†t a foreign religion, like Buddhism and Christianity and so was better for the Japanese. Shinto taught loyalty, respect and obedience to the Emperor. And so the Emperor†s decisions in relation to foreign policy was not questioned. Religion was successfully influenced by Japan†s foreign policy as it became even more obedient to the Emperor and in the land that Japan acquired through their foreign policy, Shinto was spread. Japan†s social structure also assisted foreign policy. Japan†s social structure was organised in such a way that they were not to question authority, and so the armed forces did not have to look for approval of their foreign policy. In Japan it was considered a privilege, not a duty, to fight for one†s country. The social structure was influenced in the way it looked up to the military and as Japan became a world power with annexes in Korea and Taiwan, it boosted confidence and nationalism within all classes of society. Japan was pressured in economic, social and political areas to expand it†s borders. Japan†s military manifested on the Asian mainland during the Sino-Japanese War(1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). Nationalism and Militarism filtrated into every aspect of Japanese life, including government, education, religion and social structure.

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Culture Metaphor Essay Sample

1. IntroductionThe metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundOticon is a Danish company. located in Copenhagen. They used to be one of the best in market for planetary hearing assistance industry. The development and promotion of the other rivals. such as Siemens and Starkey. set Oticon in a critical slippery place in the market. particularly the planetary 1. where Oticon export the bulk of its merchandises to. To rectify the state of affairs. the board brought in Lars Kolind. who had great history of scienceoriented solutions despite his youngness ( 30 old ages old ) . Kolind analyzed the strengths and failings of Oticon and compared it with the rivals. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to put a new program to turn the organisation into larning antiphonal organisation. He sought bettering this advantage to capture larger market portion. particularly globally. and derive higher net income borders. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the civilization metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the plane Kolind set and applied on the other rules and attacks of the civilization metaphor. 3. TheoryWhen we talk about civilization we are normally mentioning to the spiel of development reflected in a society’s system of cognition. political orientation. values. Torahs. and daily rite ( Morgan. 1997 ) . Political scientist Robert Presthus has suggested that we now live in an â€Å"organizational society† . This sort of societies has typical facets lay by and large in groups of people build their lives around distinguishable constructs of work and leisure. follow stiff modus operandis five or six yearss a hebdomad. live in one topographic point and work in another. wear uniforms. defer to authorization. and pass so much clip in a individual topographic point executing a individual set of activities ( Presthus. 1978 ) . Organizations could follow different behaviors due their cultural contexts. In other words. some societal behavior could be accepted within a certain cultural context. but possibly unsuitable for other contexts. For case. the Nipponese organisational behavior may non differ from the western organisational one significantly. But Nipponese civilization was more fertile to make much work while maintaining the positive spirit ( Maruyama. 1982 ) . Organizational civilization is the corporate behavior of worlds who are portion of an organisation and the significances that the people attach to their actions ( Smircich. 1983 ) . Corporate civilization is the entire amount of the values. imposts. traditions. and significances that make a company unique. Corporate civilization is frequently called â€Å"the character of an organization† . since it embodies the vision of the company’s laminitiss. The values of a corporate civilization influence the ethical criterions within a corporation. every bit good as managerial behavior ( Montana. 2008 ) . Cultural regulation following could be described as the attachment to societal norms and imposts. while cultural passage emphasises that we must root out apprehension of organisation in the procedures that produce systems of shared significance ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 4. Analysis4. 1. Oticon as Cultural PhenomenonMany European states. every bit good as Denmark. started to turn into organisational states after the industrial revolution during the eighteenth century ( Johansen 2002 ) . Oticon was founded in 1904 by Hans Demant. which means that Oticon. every bit good as other Danish organisations. had been regarded as cultural phenomena that clip. From the instance. there are many contemplations that confirm the similarities between Danish organisational civilization and other European civilizations. That may include working hours. quality criterions. organisational constructions. and other facets of any organisational civilization. 4. 2. Oticon and Cultural ContextAfter come ining Kolind to the organisation. there were many indexs that could pull to which context Oticon had been working in. Kolind proposed a new program with many critical alterations that could travel the company toward decentralised manner. That was accepted by the squad direction. but non heartily welcomed and seen as a new hazardous manner. This indicates that the organisational context in Denmark were by and large hierarchal. Kolind seemed as if he had been influenced by the Nipponese developing manner that clip. He had studied the cultural context in Oticon. and tried to research where some positive facets of the Nipponese manner could be built in. 4. 3. Corporate Culture and Subculture in OticonBefore Kolind’s age. the corporate civilization of Oticon could be characterized by aristocratism. where Demant household had entirely been owned the company for decennaries. But after the company had lost its place in the planetary market. Kolind has been brought in to recover Oticon’s place. while preserve its corporate values and civilization. The board showed Kolind powerful support for his new proposal. which reflects a gradual alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind would hold neer stepped frontward without such support that kept even the direction squad off from kicking him. despite their steady reluctance to the new proposal. Furthermore. what could be seen as a important alteration in corporate civilization is the manner Kolind resorted to for financing the new program. He asked the bank to get 17 % of the company. and some of his co-workers to get 3-4 % . He besides offered the employees portions at a good monetary value under certain standard. That reflects a important alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind has created a great trade when he hired the enthusiastic employee. Helle. to be portion of what he called the inside design squad. This squad had the duty of sentiment leaders. There were six sentiment leaders ; none of them had been busying managerial place. Kolind called the squad with that name so that non to endanger anyone in the direction squad. This reflects how Kolind was well-conscious of dominant civilization. This squad has grown bit by bit and was a karyon that multiplies within the organisation. It is a great back uping power that Kolind planted to cut down the immune potencies of the direction squad. 4. 4. How Could Oticon Change Culture?In our sentiment. the first alteration Oticon did was altering people. This started by engaging Lars Kolind. who disturbed the flow radically. He might be one individual. but really of import 1. In point of fact. Oticon became wholly different after brining in Kolind. It was in world a historical limestone for Oticon. What Kolind has done to use strategic alterations in Oticon’s civilization could be highlighted by some particular and progressive stairss. Logically. he had to understand the procedures within Oticon really good. Then. he diagnosed the strategic alteration demands to look into the extent of alteration and identify barriers. That led him to see alterations in manners of direction. organisational modus operandis. symbolic activities. and political activities ( Mintzberg A ; Quinn. 1996 ) . That all contributed finally in the passage of a shared worlds. Changing topographic points is one of the tactics Kolind has applied. Alte rnatively of detached classical offices. Kolind turned the company into a really large unfastened office for everybody. The employees were free to take their topographic points. By using that. Kolind could alter the traditional frame of working topographic points within the organisation. and likely in Denmark. Furthermore. Kolind needed to alter a set of people’s beliefs and attitudes to accept and follow his program. He could pull off to make that as discussed before by making the interior design squad. converting the board to accept some strategic alterations. and enforcing fait accompli on the squad manage. Kolind tried to make the nucleus thought based of what we can name â€Å"Let?s work together† . This thought helped to develop a corporate civilization that spreads values and rules in all portion of the organisation. Kolind has besides dedicated scientific cognition refering with function theoretical accounts to alter Oticon’s world. Spaghetti theoretical account is a clear grounds for that. He destroyed the departmentalization by affecting different employees in many different undertakings. to execute different functions in each undertaking. There were 100 undertakings. every undertaking was owned by person on the direction squad. But ownership at that place was like being president of the board. The occupation of undertaking proprietor was to back up and unfastened doors. while the undertaking director ran the show. These were non common alterations for any employee to accommodate with. But by developing them to play different functions within their squads. Kolind ad ded a new standard to the hereafter employees. who are willing to work at Oticon. Kolind blew up the departmental construction and reconstruct a new construction. Kolind has besides presented indirect technological alterations to the construction alterations. Kolind enhanced the rule of uninterrupted betterment. and that could be really clear from the manner he dealt with undertaking E36. The universe witnessed so the first to the full automatic hearing assistance named MultiFocus and ranked by the company as the most advanced hearing assistance that had of all time been made. The merchandise was a device offered a echt advanced to the user with much more comfy sound delivered by a to the full automatic system. In order to be a client service oriented company. Oticon’s scheme had been based on holding its ain distributers in order to be in direct contact with their clients so that to supply them with original cognition measure and quality. Kolind besides encouraged all employees to hold their ain computing machines by offering really low monetary values for them. Besides. he imposed the addition of unwritten and e-based communicating alternatively of paper communicating. That was really helpful for employees to unify within the organisation and understand the new manner rapidly. For case. if any employee inquires about a affair. s/he would happen it really simp le to inquire anyone around. which means a more productive flow of work. Finally. and as discussed earlier. the corporate image of Oticon has been wholly changed in Kolind’s age. He could add a positive societal value by increasing the public portion in the company significantly. 4. 5. Strengths of the Culture MetaphorUndoubtedly. the civilization metaphor has several strengths. among these strengths is that it directs attending to the symbolic significance of about every facet of organisational life ( Morgan et al. 1983 ) . That can be seen in Oticon’s instance when there was a focal point on each elaborate facet that makes the working flow of the organisation apprehensible through the constructions. regulations. modus operandis. and hierarchies what are necessary for its day-to-day based functionality. Changing corporate civilization is non ever easy due the opposition against alteration. because in most instances organisations are really structured hierarchically and power oriented ( Morgan et al. 1983 ) . In Oticon the direction squad were highly negative. Kolind was clear when idea that section should work in more incorporate manner. by making a multifunctional organisation. where everyone does more than one thing. Therefore. the construct of a caput section didn’t make sense any longer. As a consequence. Kolind did his best to present the thought that the times have changed. and the traditional manner directors had used to work with became disused. The 3rd strength of the civilization metaphor is that it supports the relation between the organisation and its environment ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Reflecting this on Oticon. we have noticed that Kolind has based his determination doing scheme by taking advantages over other competitor’s failings due to their heavy reaction and departmentalized constructions. Furthermore. the manner to understand the organisational alteration can be besides strength. Besides altering engineerings. constructions. and employees motive ; alteration should besides cover the images and values that frame this alteration ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Even though there was kind of opposition for the alteration within Oticon. Kolind has managed to setup a clump of values to modulate the new manner of how to accomplish ends and marks. No affair which method to follow. it had to be characterized by values such as equity and transparence. 5. CONCLUSIONSThe civilization metaphor provides a radical manner of believing about organisations. In order to make a new organisational construction. the biggest challenge would be cultural alteration. When Oticon faced troubles. there was a demand to respond to accommodate with the planetary environment. The first measure taken by the board was to alter the world of the company being ruled by a household. engaging a new leader from outside ( Kolind ) . Even though it was non a existent cultural alteration. but what corporate civilization wanted him to make. Kolind accelerated the debut of several cultural alterations in the organisation. He introduced a new civilization of thought ( believing the unthinkable ) based on his analysis consequences. He managed to make a new construction of the organisation and developed a new roadmap based on the company future visions and ends. Besides. Kolind introduced new stockholders to the company capital. switching Oticon toward public corporat ion. He besides moved the direction and determination devising manner of Oticon from being centralized to be more decentralised. he besides managed to make a shared systems of significance that are accepted. acted and approachable at all degrees of the organisation. since this metaphor is meant to be built around people instead than techniques. However. the failure on such undertakings can endanger any effort to present a cultural alteration. 6. Reference Johansen. Hans Chr. ( 2002 ) . Danish Population History. 1600-1939. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark. Presthus. R. ( 1978 ) . The Organizational Society. New York: St. Martin’s. Maruyama. M. ( 1982 ) . â€Å"Mindscapes. Management. Business Policy. and Public Policy. † Academy of Management Review. Mintzberg. B. and Quinn. B. ( 1996 ) . † Leadership is intertwined with civilization formation. † The Strategy Process. Prentice-Hall. Montana. P. and Charnov. B. ( 2008 ) Management ( 4th ed. ) . Barrons Educational Series. Hauppauge: NY. Morgan. G. P. Frost. and L. Pondy. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Organizational Symbolism. † Greenwich. Connecticut: JAI Press. Morgan. G. ( 2006 ) . Image of organisation. Schulich School of concern. Toronto. Smircich. L. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis. † Administrative Science Quarterly. Wiener. N. ( 1967 ) The human usage of human existences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Identify the opportunities for the development of positive Essay

Identify the opportunities for the development of positive environmental outcomes during the planning and development process an - Essay Example People flock urban centers in order to seek for employment opportunities and carry out business activities; thus creating pressure on the scarce environmental resources. The expansion of lands for development activities such expansion of agriculture and infrastructure development in order to cater for the ever increasing population has posed a threat to biodiversity. The inevitable congestion contributes to environmental hazards and degradation; thus environmental planners and developers should employ effective strategies for reversing environmental consequences. However, despite the opportunities for the development of positive environmental outcomes, cultural, political, legislative and financial barriers tend to prevent the effective outcomes during planning or developmental process. The Opportunities for the Development of Positive Environmental Outcomes during the Planning and Development Process Implementing or adopting environmentally sound focused broad-band policies that can accelerate global progress towards a low-carbon economy is crucial. Buckingham and Evans (1996, p. 123) argue that environmentally planning and sustainability had been a prominent role in the global agenda that sets principles for achieving the desired environmental goals. During the planning and development process, planners should implement environmentally sound policies and set objectives that should be met. The objectives should be realistic and the planners should integrate decision making to include effective millennium development goals framework in order to achieve their targets successfully. Field and Keller (1998 P. 52) also argue employing effective project management strategies and monitoring will offer a wider scale opportunity for tracking progress. This will enable planners to encourage implementation of plans and policies, promote investments and overcome barriers of development. Planners, designers and interested group should focus on regional food planning and imp lement effective policies to guide the community on sustainable food production. Food is an essential sustaining and enduring necessity for human beings across cultures. The concerning people including planners, developers and interested groups have paid less attention to food planning policy in comparison with other planning issues. They tend to focus on economic planning, environmental, housing and transportation and infrastructure, but they have forgotten that food planning is an essential planning aspect. Therefore, there is need to focus on food planning process in order to determine the methods employed in production, transportation and distribution of food products. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2005) argue that planners should focus on food planning because this is one of the major impact that have contributed to loss of biodiversity. Food system is a serious problem, which is on the rise across diverse communities. For instance, the national planning t eam in San Francisco tracked food system, in 2005 and this one of the food planning subjects that were carried

Is there an afterlife and what would be required for an afterlife Essay

Is there an afterlife and what would be required for an afterlife - Essay Example Death has been considered the only certain thing in life. There is even consensus to the effect that a number of changes take place during the transition from life to death, which therefore follows that changes making up life are distinct from those making up survival. In distinguishing these two varying changes, we can give a number of personal identity criteria through time to explain death (Baillie, 1993). First, we can use a criterion that has been popularized by Hume, Plato and a multiplicity of world religions. According to this criterion, human beings are either immaterial souls or even pure egos (Hume, 1739). This can be construed to mean that human beings possess the physical bodies only on a contingent basis and therefore not a necessity as far as living (in this life and the afterlife) is concerned. This being the case therefore, it is proper to argue that human being continues to live even after death. If anything their bodies are contingent and not necessarily a must-hav e in their living and especially their afterlife (Ayer, 2006). The second criterion has to do with the claim that a human being has two distinct components namely a body and a mind. This criterion, the so-called Cartesian Dualism, named so in honor of Rene Descartes, claim that the two components namely, the material body and the immaterial mind are distinct and therefore can exist separately. In fact it goes on to claim that the immaterial mind can exist separately from the material body particularly when the material body dies. This idea has however failed to convince many people because of a number of obvious faults in the reasoning behind it. For instance, is it logical for an immaterial mind to effect any change in a material body? This is the main problem that this idea has been unable to address, a problem that has since assumed the name â€Å"the problem of interactionism† (Levine, 1989). The reasons that Hume advance in arguing that death is survivable are convincing in whichever one looks at them. For instance, I am convinced that there must be another component that leaves the body to rot, otherwise what happened when a human being is resurrected by a supernatural being. Does he/she resurrect with another body or the same body which at the time must have long decomposed. This clearly demonstrates just how probable a human being might possess a separate invisible component that is left behind after his/her fresh dies and subsequently decomposes (Jerome, 1966). In opposing the idea of an afterlife, Hume argues that every creature’s ability is always proportionate to the task ahead of it. This is best demonstrated in a Hare’s or an Antelope’s ability to out-run a fox or a Lion respectively. It is also the reason why a Hare have not been equipped with the ability to appreciate Operas, which would be superfluous to its life. Given that a match between abilities and tasks has been found to cut across all creatures, it is reason able to assume that we are also matched to the tasks before us (Hume & Sayre-McCord 2006). Looked in the context of our ‘design flaws’ as far as having the ability to anticipate an afterlife is concerned, one can only conclude that there is no afterlife. Look at the way we are normally less concerned with doing good for a reward in our afterlife. Look a

Application of auction theory in the context of the Indian Premier Essay

Application of auction theory in the context of the Indian Premier League - Essay Example This theory is highly essential from a theoretical, empirical and economic perspective. This paper aims to discuss the main principles of the auction theory along with the considerable issues and their solutions associated to the phenomenon of auction market. For this paper, we shall consider an example of the Indian Premier League (IPL) to relate it with the relevant theoretical principles of the auction theory. Auction Theory: Auction theory is a branch of economics which takes a number of concepts into analysis that includes the risks, behaviors, challenges and activities of bidders within the auction processes. The process of auction has been used from earliest traces of economic activities. Economists have contributed in the auction theory including Vickrey (1961), Griesmer, Levitan and Shubik (1967) etc. Extension of Auction theory is referred to as theorem of revenue equivalence (see appendix 1.1). As per the contributions of different economists, there are four standard types of auctions. These bids are commonly known as the English Bid, the descending bid which also known as the Dutch bid, first sealed bid and a second seal bid. Each one is unique and possesses interesting factors, which grasp attention of the interested buyers (Besanko and Braeutigam 2000). Now we shall analyze each type of bid separately supported with relevant examples. English Bid: According to Gul and Stacchetti (1999), English bid is a type of bid that slowly goes higher. Sometimes this type of bidding appears as most simplistic, however at the same time it can create complexities for both buyers and sellers. English auction begins with a bid which is placed by an auctioneer who places the starting bid which is a given price of the product being sold. The bids are then placed one by one in an increasing order. English bid is different from other bids such as sealed bids because it is open to all bidders with no policy of hiding (Gul and Stacchetti 1999). The one who makes the highest bit wins the product. In this type of bid prices increase comparatively with small margins and the buyers intend to win the item at low price than its original value at which the product bidding started i.e. starting bid. For example, there is a likelihood of quick sale of a car during an auction as the standing bid will be lowest, which will be affordable for a sing le buyer, who will finally take the commodity home (Auctus Development, Inc, 2004). It should also be noted that the English auction can be win by the standing bidder which can only be displaced by a competitively higher bid than the standing bid (Jaiswal 2010). Furthermore, Klemperer (1997) noted that English bids or ascending bids are usually used for selling household items such as cars, appliances, furnisher and sometimes properties as well. This type of bid facilitates sellers to make great sum of money and an amazing opportunity for the buyers to win the bid (Klemperer 1997). A reserve or minimum price is charged for house hold commodities in English auction (Auctus Development, Inc 2004). Dutch Bid: According to Besanko and Braeutigam (2000), the Dutch system is entirely

Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Abstract - Essay Example ng to the authors, combining of new and inexpensive technological methods may increase the availability of more flexible ways for dealing with the common challenges in forensic science. They, therefore, intended to present a method of 3-D laser scanning of chewed gum found at a crime scene into a digital file format. In a bid to justify the aim of their research, they point out that the procedure they used in their research project does not include any form of contact and is nondestructive thus more efficient prior to extracting DNA from the gum. The theme of their research is that their method, which involves generating a digital file, could be used to for dental comparison in the future in case the original chewed gum gets damaged by forensic analysis following 3-D scanning. In their research, they used an automated 3-D laser scanner that ensures a reliable, affordable, and reproducible means for scanning a 3-D object fast and at a possible resolution of 127 microns. They scanned a piece if chewed gum that had air dried for 24 hours by placing it on the tip of a tuberculin syringe needle, and then positioning it on the scanning stage of the laser scanner that is fully robotic. Using precise scan parameters of the laser scanner for a 360 degree scan, they used macro 0.005 inches precision, 125 seconds scan speed, and 0.005 triangle size. This process took less than three minutes given that they set the light in color of the target surface to that of the matte finish, and the smoothing had auto-align of the eight segments on with a setting of 1. After all the procedures involved in the process had produced digital files, they were able to come up with a virtual block that showed the shape and contours of the teeth impressions just like those in the original gum. They then used a Web-based prototyping service called Shapeways to order for clear resin as well as white plastic models of the gum from their digital files. All this took less than 10 minutes, and they

Human Evolution Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Evolution - Article Example In this case, relating human evaluation with how humans connect to animals is a new idea altogether. This is because in most cases and with most scientists, human evolution is generally considered as a physical change. The author believes that most developments in the evolution of human beings are contributed by the care shown by humans towards other animals. For example, about 2.6 million years ago, when hunting was the main activity among humans, after hunters were attacked by tigers and lions, they developed weapons and advanced tools for defense. Connecting with other animals compel humans to learn more about them, as well as, having a better understanding of one self. This is because, caring for other animals humans is an ecological transition that no other living thing has made. In addition, by doing these, humans are in a position to learn what other living things do, where they are, their way of communication, as well as, the way they move. There are a number of development o bserved as a result of human connection with animals. The first one is development of symbols and language. The author indicates that human beings developed symbols to alert or warn their fellow humans upon a threat by either predators or dangerous animals. The second one is domestication of animals. Roughly 40,000 years ago, human being started rearing animals not only to get food but also with the motive of getting other resources such as clothing and security, therefore, these prompted them start selectively breed certain animals with specific traits. Lastly, evolution in the means of transport where animals are used as an aid in transporting goods. For example, in the arid areas hardly animals such as camels were used in transporting cargo across the deserts. From the article it is clear that the connection of human to animals has led to human evolution. However, the article does not illustrate how human connection to animals influence physical change. Also not all people like o r are close to animals as such. Therefore, how did such people evolve? The second article is driven by the desire to find out the truth claims advanced by some scholars that human beings are still evolving. This article provides an analysis of the research done by a leading scientist Stephen Stearn who believe that human beings are still evolving. This article ascertains that human beings are evolving gradually and over the years an average human being will be 2cm shorter and 1kg heavier. The study was carried out in great caution to eliminate the chances of cultural and social influences. The study also suggests that natural selection in today’s environment is not based on survival but on the fertility levels of women. It asserts that women with high fertility levels are likely to pass on certain traits on to their children and grandchildren. In addition, the physical characteristics of mothers had a direct correlation with the number of children that she gave birth to. The other thing that has emerged from the article is that evolution is a gradual process that is difficult to notice. The author asserts that cultural factors tend to play a larger role in influencing evolution of human beings than natural selection. This makes persons to neglect the idea of evolution, Genetic evidence also proves this assertion by indicating that about 1800 variant genes have spread faster due to their modern day evolution benefits. In addition, it was realized that mutations

Distributed and Parallel Systems Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Distributed and Parallel Systems - Term Paper Example A parallel system is a computer with more than one processor for parallel processing. Although there are many kinds of parallel computers, they are basically distinguished by the kind of interconnection between processor, known as processing elements (PES), and the memory. One major way to classify parallel computers is based on their memory architectures. Shared memory based parallel computing systems have multiple processors that access all available memory as a global address space. Distributed system is a network of a set of asynchronously connected computing devices. Communication in DS is either through shared memory or through messages. In wide-spread distributed systems, work and information are physically distributed, implying that computing needs should be distributed. Along with improvement in response time, this system contributes to offering a local control over data. With this solid background of multiprocessor systems, parallel computing, distributed systems and shared memory; speed-up performance law such as the Amdahl's law was introduced to throw light on algorithm design for speed-up and operational efficiency of parallel system. Concurrency is another important factor which enables distributed systems to share memory; and to better understand its execution, Dining philosophers' algorithm Bully's algorithm and Logical clocks were introduced. 2. Amdahl's Law The memory organization of parallel system also has a profound impact on algorithm design. In systems in which memory

American Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Architecture - Essay Example In 1879, after four years of studies spent under the tutelage of another famous architect of that time John Edelmann, Sullivan was hired as a junior partner by the famous structural engineer Dankmar Adler. Their partnership lasted until the year of 1896 when Sullivan started to experiment with new materials such as steel girders that made possible construction of much taller buildings than before. Sullivan had certain creative differences and disputed intensively about style issues with Daniel Burnham, the author of the Columbian Exposition in Jackson Park in 1893 and with one of his students, Frank Lloyd Wright. Sullivan insisted that 'form should follow function' thus proclaiming the primary importance of the purpose of a building as compared to the design1. Sullivan's legacy is an important element of modern Chicago. The Jewler's Building at 17 S. Ashland Avenue designed and built by Adler and Sullivan in 1882 was designated as one of Chicago landmarks a century later. Together with Adler he also built the Kaufman Store and Flats at 2312-2314 N. Lincoln Avenue designated a city's landmark in 1996. Another famous masterpieces of Sullivan which became Chicago landmarks are the Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Cathedral and Rectory located at 1121 N. Leavitt Street build by Sullivan alone in 1903, the Auditorium Theater at Roosevelt University, and the Carson, Pirie, Scott Store at the corner of State and Madison. Integrity of structure and ornament, emotional tension of the form, and outstanding individuality of the building are the most noticeable features of Sullivan's style: "Nurtured by the artists sympathy with life, the ornament spoke: it was the voice of the artist and the building -- indeed they were one, the building a 'stock personality' and the architect an interpreter and prophet"2. Today Sullivan is considered perhaps the most influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, the father of the modern skyscraper, and a mentor to another outstanding American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 - April 9, 1959), one of most innovative and prolific American architects of the last century, was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin. Wright attended but did not finish the high school in Madison, Wisconsin, and in 1885 entered the University of Wisconsin where he studied civil engineering. In 1887 Wright moved to Chicago to go apprentice to a well-known Chicago architect, Joseph Lyman Silsbee. It was during that time that Wright worked with Louis Sullivan whom he would later acknowledge as a mentor. At the end of 1880s Wright got married and moved to Oak Park, Illinois. In 1893, he quit his partnership with Sullivan and established his own firm in Chicago. After five years Wright transferred his practice to Oak Park where he had his most productive and stable days. Sidetracked by romantic misadventures, Wright designed some buildings in Arizona and Wisconsin, but those works were not as good as the works of his Illinois period. Frank Lloyd Wright founded the Prairie School of Architecture characterized by long and horizontal designs and organic architecture that won a wide domestic and international acclaim. Wright's rehash of the famous Sullivan's

Evaluation sheet of key research studies Essay Example for Free

Evaluation sheet of key research studies Essay I decided not to revise anything for the essay part of the exam paper. This was because I felt that I had done enough research for my specialist modules and would be able to recall it when needed. In the weeks leading up to the exam I spent about 30 minutes a day going over various chapters in my study skills folder, and if there was a particular item I had trouble with I would make a note of it and go over it again the next day. Finding time at home to revise was a bit of a problem and I found that the best time was in the evening when the children had gone to bed. This meant that I was sometimes quite tired when I tried to revise and wasted some sessions simply because I could not absorb any information. In future I may choose to do my revision somewhere other that at home, for example, the library. This means I will be away from the distractions of children and phone calls. I will also give my friends and family a copy of my revision time-table so that they know not to bother me. I felt that we were given enough information before the exam to know what to expect though I would have liked to have seen a copy of an old paper and perhaps given the opportunity to have a go at completing one. When we were allowed to look at our paper I read it through once before answering any questions. Once I had done this I first answered the questions I did not need to think about too much before going on to the others, and if there were any I did not know then I left them blank. I then went onto the essay question and decided which to do, though I found making a choice difficult as I did not know how I would get on once I had started. Once I got started on the essay I realised the mistake I had made by not revising my specialist modules. I wanted to be able to include examples, statistics or case studies in my essay by could not remember any. Once I had completed the essay I went back to the questions and any that I did not know the answer to I guessed. I then proof read the whole paper and corrected some errors which I had missed. If I could have done thing differently I would have planned my revision better to avoid distractions. I found that spending 30 minutes a day trying to revise while cooking dinner and running around after the children does not work. Before the exam I was not nervous but I think this was to do with the fact I did not have time to think about it too much. I also think that I did not take it as seriously as I should have and therefore did not revise enough. While waiting outside the exam hall I seemed to catch nervousness from other people but cannot see any way to avoid this. During the exam I was more nervous than I expected and was really aware of how quickly the time was passing. I wanted to work out how much time I could spend on each section, but this seemed to make me feel worse as I could not remember how many points would be awarded for each. After the exam I felt a bit disappointed as I feel my lack of revision meant I could not do my best. Dealing with stress during my revision sometimes helped. It made feel more awake sometimes, though this was often short lived and I usually ended up feeling worn out. Stress often meant I could not concentrate properly and I would try to do too much in one session. In future I will try to avoid the negative affects of stress by taking regular breaks, planning my revision better, finding a better location for my revision, not revising when I am tired and taking revision more seriously. I also think that revision is something that should be a continuous process not only used just before an exam. Reviewing work monthly or termly is something that I will try in the future.

The Problem Solving Essay Example for Free

The Problem Solving Essay Problem solving is the basic procedure of TQM, an importants aspect of problem solving in the TQM approach is eliminates the cause so that the problem does not recur. This is why users of TQM approach often like to think all opportunities for improvement there are the basic steps to be success and should follow a standard approach. Step 1: Define the problem and establish an improvement goal. Step 2: Develop performance measure and collect data. Step 3: Analyze the problem. Step 4: Generate potential solutions. Step 5: Choose a solution. Step 6: Implement the solution. Step 7: Monitor the solution to see if it accomplishes the goals. The Plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle. Also referred to as either the sherwhart cycle or the Deming wheel, is the conceptual basic for problem-solving activities. The cycle is illustrated the figure. Representing the process with a circle underscore its continuing nature PLAN ACT DO STUDY There are four basic steps in the cycle: Plans begin by studying the current process. Document that process. Then collect data on the process or problem. Next analyze the data and develop a plan for improvement. Specific measure for evaluating the plan. Do Implement the plan, on a small scale if possible. Document any change made during this phase. Collect data systematically for evaluation. Study Evaluate the data collection during the do phase. Check how closely the results match the original goals of the plan phase. Act If the results are successful, standardize the new method and communicate the new method to all people associated with the process. Employing this sequence of step provides a systematic approach to continuous improvement.

Pros And Cons Of Solar Power Engineering Essay

Pros And Cons Of Solar Power Engineering Essay Solar power  is the changing or converting sunlight into electricity, either directly using  photo voltaic, or indirectly using  concentrated solar power  (CSP). Or, solar power is electricity generated from the level natural energy contained within the suns rays (solar radiation). Energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy; the amount of energy falling on the earth is given by the solar constant, but very little use has been made of solar energy Commercial CSP plants were first developed in the 1980s, and the 354 MW  SEGS  CSP installations is the largest solar power plant in the world. The 80 MWSarnia Photovoltaic Power Plants  in  Canada, is the  worlds largest  photovoltaic plant. Experimental approaches to solar power include  concentrated photovoltaics  systems,  thermovoltaic  devices, and  space-based solar power. It is a versatile source of renewable energy that can be used in an amazing number of applications, providing power for everything from cars and boats to houses and spacecraft. Solar power is also clean and pollution-free. Solar power is an  intermittent energy source, meaning that solar power is not available at all times, and is normally supplemented by storage or another energy source, for example with  wind power  and  hydropower. People from all walks of life have benefited from the energy derived from the sun in one way or the other. History Human civilization has always used the energy of the Sun as far back as they have existed on this planet. Solar energy-power from the sun-is free and inexhaustible. The ancient Greek and Native Americans were the first to use solar power to their benefit, dating back as early as 400BC. Native Americans and the ancient Greek built their houses into the side of hills to take advantage of the heat storage from the sun during the day that would then be released during the night. The Romans took their knowledge of the sun being a source of energy as they were the first people to use glass windows to trap the warmth of the sun in their homes. While many people were benefitting from solar power it wasnt until 1776 that the first solar collector was built. This collector was built by a gentleman named Horace de Saussare. His collector was cone shaped and would boil ammonia that would then perform like refrigeration and locomotion. This first solar power collector attracted much interest in the scientific community through the 19th century.   In 1953, Calvin Fuller, Gerald Pearson, and Daryl Chapin, discovered the silicon solar cell. This cell actually produced enough electricity and was efficient enough to run small electrical devices. The year is 1956, and the first solar cells are available commercially. The cost however is far from the reach of everyday people. At $300 for a 1 watt solar cell, the expense was far beyond anyones means. 1956 started showing us the first solar cells used in toys and radios. The period from the 1970s to the 1990s saw quite a change in the usage of solar cells. They began showing up on railroad crossings, in remote places to power homes, Australia used solar cells in their microwave towers to expand their telecommunication capabilities. In the late 1950s and early 1960s satellites in the USAs and Soviets space program were powered by solar cells and in the late 1960s solar power were basically the standard for powering space bound satellites. Today we see solar cells in a wide variety of places. Recently new technology has given us screen printed solar cells, and a solar fabric that can be used to side a house, even solar shingles that install on our roofs. Applications of solar power The most obvious and realistic choice is solar energy, is important to adopt some kind of alternative source of power generation before we run out of current sources which produce electricity for us at present. Solar energy is available in abundant amount on earth and shifting our electricity requirements on solar energy is most likely to be the option in coming future. Solar plants have already start providing electricity to us on different levels and scales. Solar power gadgets or huge solar power arrays are seen producing massive amount of electricity for domestic and commercial areas. Solar power usage is not constant throughout the world. Developed countries more obviously have larger solar power consumption than developing countries. Solar Applications can be divided into three categories for understanding them better. Solar applications are available in sectors like Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agriculture. Lets discuss these sectors in detail and know what work has been done in given sectors. Residential solar power : There are numerous solar powered based devices available in market which are used in residential sector, products like solar power heater, geezer, outdoor garden lights, battery chargers etc. These days entire homes can be powered by solar energy. Appropriate solar cells type is used and joined together in modules. These modules of cells are mounted on the roof of the home for direct exposure to the sun light. This sun light is then converted into electricity using solar cells and then transfer into electric system of the house. There are systems available which hold battery backups and store the access amount of energy. This energy can be used when conventional electricity is out. Industrial Solar Power : Solar energy is been in use in industry and provides multiple industrial applications, especially when power is required in remote locations. Solar power can be useful in such industrial applications where small kilowatt energy is required. Some examples of remote location solar powered applications are TV Station, Radio broadcasting towers, repeater stations, radio telephones etc. Solar power also facilitated electricity in transportation signalling system. Transportation system includes navigation systems, light houses in oceans, runway lights on airports, security camera in dark etc. Such applications where electricity load is high, solar power can prove cost effective by configure hybrid electric power systems, that joints photovoltaic solar power system with small generators that operates on fuel or natural gas. Solar power is highly reliable and can work on locations where conventional electricity is not reachable. Space is one of the examples for it. Satellites are powered by solar power from the day first when first satellite was launched in space Solar car is another most sophisticated application of solar energy. PV is installed on the surface of the car which converts sun light into electricity to power up a car. Such cars are not yet available for use in market, but they are bound to come for launch commercially very soon in future. Commercial Solar Power Commercial building like offices, school, clinics, community halls, hospitals etc can also take advantage from solar energy electrification. In office buildings, glass/glass PV modules can provide cover over atria, which provide shaded light inside the building. PV systems can also be installed on vertical wall office building in several ways, Curtain wall system, and rain screen over cladding etc. Advantages of solar power: There are countless advantages associated with Solar Power Energy. Uses for solar energy are not just for humans to take advantages from but it is amazingly useful for environment as well. Lets go through several advantages of solar energy. The major advantage is that the power that is derived from the sun is absolutely free and it will omnipresent as long as there is the presence of sun in this universe. The most unique and best feature of solar energy is its abundance in quantity available to our mother earth, if we use it to maximum levels it is not going to go anywhere until next five billion years. Solar energy plants are available for both small scale energy requirements and for larger scale energy requirements; it cops the market for both residential and industrial requirements. Solar energy can is easily be provided in rural areas where conventional electricity is not present already or it may cost more to setup electric grid station. It is cost effective to use solar energy generation methodologies in such rural areas. Solar power plants can also be connected to existing source of power generation to form hybrid system to boost energy requirements during sunny, hot and dry day. Solar power plants are normally very flexible. Solar cell modules or arrays comes in different shapes and sizes, it can be fixed on land or can be mounted on roof tops for maximum sun light exposure. Solar cell modules can also be fixed on glass skylights or vertical walls. Solar panels now come equipped with such devices which converts DC output from solar panels into AC for consumption. This way residential and commercial business owner can reduce their conventional electricity bills which are increasing day by day. Net metering is another impressive advantage of using solar energy. Net metering is term which refers to selling energy to conventional grid station in cases of excess production using solar panels. This way electricity bills are reduced by sending electricity back to grid station. Solar power panels are durable and do not require much maintenance, once in while cleaning of solar cell modules will be it. Average life time of solar power panels are up to 20 to 25 years, which justify the initial cost of solar panel. Solar power systems are soundless, efficient and without any pollution. Solar panels are capable of connecting with other type electric generators for instance gas turbines, wind, hydro etc. Batteries can also be charges for constant electricity supply. Larger solar power panels can help in meeting the demands of new power generation sources. These panels are easy to develop then other power generation plants. Solar power panels are very easy to expand, all is require adding up solar cell modules into it and it will start producing more electricity. Solar power systems are very friendly to environment and do not pollute it in anyway, they do not have any by product only electricity is produced. When solar electricity is used in place of energy generated by fossil fuels for meeting needs like lightening homes, office buildings, pumping of water etc, it will reduce amount of carbon-monoxide, greenhouse gasses and other pollution emitted into air. The more electricity from solar panels is used the more it is benefited for environment to reduce impurities from our atmosphere.  Ã‚   Solar electric system can be useful in employment through out the world. It has already benefited US economy by producing jobs in US solar electricity companies. The other major advantage of the solar energy and its systems is that it will last for lifetime and hence the homeowner will not be needed to shelve money from his pocket for the maintenance of these systems. We all should step ahead for solar electricity, create opportunities by exporting solar electric system to developing countries, reduce the usage of conventional electricity and protect global environment and reduce global warming phenomenon. Disadvantages of solar power: There are some disadvantages associated with solar electric systems.   Solar power panels initial cost is very high, this factor discourage solar electric system to spread widely and rapidly through out the world. Cost for solar panels may vary from location to location but estimated cost to run computer with other small electric appliances can cost up to 700 $ to 1000 $. Whereas to lighten up the entire house can cost 15000$ to 25000$ depending on the demand. Rural and remote areas which lack in conventional electricity are best suited for solar energy consumption but it solar electric system initial cost higher than using fossil fuels generated electricity. One other disadvantage of solar electric system is that they need whole lot of space of implant panels, sometimes on land and more often of roof top.   Solar panels are always require to directly face the sun to produce electricity constantly, if panels are not facing sun it will vary in producing watts. Since solar cells arrays and modules are exposed directly to the sun, different rays like Ultraviolet rays can slowly deteriorate the surface of the panels, dust, wind, and rain can also effect the over all performance of solar power panels

John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding -- Reality John Lock

John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding In John Locke's "Essay Concerning Human Understanding", he makes a distinction between the sorts of ideas we can conceive of in the perception of objects. Locke separates these perceptions into primary and secondary qualities. Regardless of any criticism of such a distinction, it is a necessary one in that, without it, perception would be a haphazard affair. To illustrate this, an examination of Locke's definition of primary and secondary qualities is necessary. Starting from common-sense notions of perception, namely that there must be something in order to perceive something, Locke continues by arguing that ideas in the mind correspond to qualities in the object being perceived. Locke states that: Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is in the immediate object of perception, thought or understanding, that I call idea; and the power to produce any idea in our mind, I call quality of the subject wherein that power is. 11 Primary qualities are those aspects of an object that are in and of the object being perceived. Anything that must actually be in an object in order for any object to exist is a primary quality. These, Locke stated, are inseparable from an object. Qualities such as mass, solidity, and extension in three dimensions are all primary qualities. To say that an object has mass and solidity but no shape or extension in three dimensions is inconceivable if not outright ridiculous. So, primary qualities are necessary for an object to be considered an object. If something does not have primary qualities, then it cannot be considered an object but must be considered to be something else. Secondary qualities, according to Locke,... ...ere God creates substance and everything associated with it. Conversely, without a belief in God, Berkeley's position cannot be put forth, as there would be nothing to create the perceptions, and Locke's position becomes more likely. And if your faith leads you to the conclusion that there is no God, then you must put your faith in a material world for there is no other consistent world of which you could conceive. Endnotes 1 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.24 [Back] 2 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.25 [Back] 3 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.166 [Back] 4 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 [Back] 5 Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. The Empiricists. (New York: DoubleDay, 1974) p.168 [Back]

Chestnut Blight and American Chestnut Trees Essay -- Ecology Conservat

Chestnut Blight and American Chestnut Trees Since the early 1900's a disease known as Chestnut Blight has infected many American Chestnut trees and causing their removal from forests. A greater look at the history of this fungus as well as the mechanisms of action will allow us to learn on how to preserve the American chestnut. At one point, the American chestnut was virtually eliminated. With the help of government acts and conservation agencies, the American chestnut is slowly growing back in population. Two methods of restoration of the chestnut include a hybridization and the use of hypovirulant strains. This issue shows a variety of interest from ecologists to those in the timber industry who cannot lumber Asian species of chestnut primarily because of their size. In the 1880's a harmful fungus known as blight, inhabited the United States from imported Japanese chestnut trees. Blight quickly spread, killing chestnuts and chinquapins, which is another species of chestnut that produces 1 nut per bur. In 1904, Chestnut blight appeared infecting trees in New York City and spread at a rate of 20-50 miles per year. By 1906, W.A. Murrill reported that this disease is known to occur in New Jersey, Maryland, District of Columbia, and Virginia. In 1912, the Planet Quarantine Act was passed to reduce the chances of plant deterioration or devastation prevention. Chestnut Blight or Chestnut Bark Disease was originally found in 1904 and within 50 years, it spread across the eastern United States, from Maine to Georgia and as far west as the edge of Michigan. By 1950, the American chestnut was essentially eliminated as a forest tree. In 1972, importation from Italy gave a biological control in which a virus helped prevent the blight f... ...thesis does, however, lack experimental evidence of any kind. The American chestnut which was once almost eliminated from existence in the late 1950's has once again emerged thanks to conservation efforts. Chestnut blight, a deadly fungus, has the ability to kill chestnut trees. However, some chestnut species in Asia have resistance to blight. As a result, a method of conservation has been through hybridizing American species with Asian species. Another method of conservation has been through hypovirulence strains in the infection is reduced. Independently, this hypovirulence method may be a reason why some American chestnuts are surviving despite being infested with chestnut blight. This issue remains important to both the timber industry, although that isn't why chestnuts are being restored, and certain ecological organizations including the Nature Conservancy.

America and Haiti Essay example -- American History

America and Haiti The United States interest in Haiti, as mentioned above, began a huge increase in the first decade of the twentieth century. The extent of U. S. economic penetration was not as great as that of France and Germany, but by 1910 it controlled sixty percent of Haiti’s import industry. Unfortunately, the Haitian banking system did not follow this path and was, at this time, "perilously close to domination by European interests." (Langley, 1982, 70) In an effort to gain more control over Haitian economic affairs, the United States engaged in a battle with France and Germany over the Banque Nationale. Two banks from the U. S. attempted to obtain control of the bank but lost out to a German bank, which proceeded to ally itself with the Banque’s French managers in an effort to acquire domination. But the United States protested the exclusion of American banks so forcefully that the French and Germans folded and agreed to let the two American banks have a fifty percent share in t he Banque Nationale. With a foot in the door, the Americans essentially took control of the Banque’s management. In doing so they gained much influence over the Haitian government executives, who relied on the Banque to cover monthly expenses. This would prove to be a huge asset in terms of fulfilling American interests in Haiti in the future. The administration under William Taft that was in power in the United States at this time saw Haiti experience almost continuous insurrection and political disorders. American warships were constantly present in the region, and by 1911 there were never less than five patrolling the Haitian waters at any given time. Things became so unstable in August that the Naval Command in Haiti was granted the power to ... ...ars: An Inner History of the American Empire, 1900-1934; The University Press of Kentucky (Lexington, 1983). Langley, Lester D. The United States and the Caribbean in the Twentieth Century; The University of Georgia Press (Athens, 1982). Shannon, Magdaline W. Jean Price-Mars, the Haitian Elite and the American Occupation, 1915-1935; St. Martin’s Press, Inc. (New York, NY, 1996). http://www.arlingtoncemetery.com/awcatlin.htm Marine officer who participated in almost all the major US military interventions in the Caribbean, from the Spanish-American War to the occupation of Haiti!! http://www-cgsc.army.mil/csi/pubs/intrvene.htm Great bibliography for sources detailing U.S. inteventionism in the early twentieth century. http://aristotle.schreiner.edu/worldpac/eng/r000010/r009697.htm Book detailing U.S. intervention in Haiti. http://www.medalia.net/Hhistory.html

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis

Riordan Manufacturing Company: Review and Analysis Jennah Es-Sudan, Monica Malcom, Annie Willis and Yeong Yoo University Of Phoenix BUS/430 December 1, 2009 Riordan Manufacturing Company Review and Analysis The focus of this paper is to analysis the regulatory measures of Riordan Manufacturing. Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. With state-of-the art design capabilities, creating innovative plastic designs that have earned international acclaim. Attention to detail, extreme precision and enthusiastic quality control are the hallmarks of Riordan Manufacturing. With facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, Riordan has the capacity to fulfill unique needs. Riordan Manufacturing is wholly owned by Riordan Industries, a Fortune 1000 enterprise. The company decided to closed their plant in Michigan and open it in China. Opening this business in another country has advantages. Our team will also discuss unfair import laws, Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, Patents, trademarks, and intellectual property, and environmental regulation and how they relate to doing business in China. Unfair Import Laws The government has assertively imposed our anti-dumping laws to fight unfair Chinese trade. † alleged Commerce Secretary Carlos M. Gutierrez. â€Å"China’s economy has developed to the point that we can add another trade remedy tool, such as the countervailing duty law. The China of today is not the China of years ago. Just as China has evolved, so has the range of our tools to make sure Americans are treated fairly. By acting on the petition filed last October, the United States today is signifying its continued pledge to leveling the playing field for American manufacturers, workers and farmers. Foreign Corrupt Practice Act (FCPA of 1977) Congress enacted the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (â€Å"FCPA† or â€Å"the Act†) in 1977 in reaction to the Watergate scandal. Widespread media coverage of unreported crusade assistance and potentially unlawful payments to strange officials encouraged the Securities and Exchange Commission (â€Å"SEC†) to begin an investigation. The SEC's investigation eventually exposed that more than 400 U. S. companies had paid bribes to foreign governments and politicians, totaling more than $300 million. An FCPA violation requires that action be taken with a corrupt intent. Corrupt means an evil motive of purpose, and intent to wrongfully influence the recipient of the payment or offer to misuse his official position or to influence someone else to do so. The act does not require the corrupt act to be a success; it just means that an attempt was made to influence an alien bureaucrat. China has made great efforts to combat essentials of bribery—through endorsement and enforcement of strict anti-bribery laws and penalties—it still remains a cause of concern in the China business market. For example, in 2005, 11,071 members of the Communist Party of China (â€Å"CPC†) were disqualified from the party as reprimanded for dishonesty. In addition, Chinese magistrates dealt with 120,000 cases of misappropriation, corruption, and negligence of duty over the past five years. Given the size and magnitude of China's market, these issues also cause alarm for U. S. companies doing business in China. Chinese and other overseas companies may make unlawful expenses in China with restricted risks, U. S. ompanies doing business in China may feel marketable stress to disobey the Act to avoid finding themselves at a aggressive difficulty to companies that are not subject to the same laws or similar enforcement. For this reason, U. S. companies operating in China need a solid FCPA compliance program to avoid action for FCPA violations and to avoid becoming knotted in China's domestic corruption and bribery laws. Patents, Trademarks, and Intellectual Property Companies try to cap ture the markets by issuing licensing permits for intellectual properties to increase profits for their business. These intellectual properties included patents and trademarks. Unfortunately, nations are still struggling to adopt a consistent international legal system that governs the intellectual property. They often have restrictions which includes geographical/and field use limitations and customer restriction. The Paris Convention is a guarantee that in each signatory country, foreign trademark and patent application from other signatory countries will receive the same treatment. According to United States Patent and Trademark Offices (2009) a patent for an invention is the grant of a property right to the inventor. There were problems and drawbacks with this particular agreement so in 1970 the patent cooperation Treaty was adopted. This particular agreement addresses the centralized utility patent application process (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others United States Patent and Trademark (2009). Riordan Manufacturing makes plastic products in the United States and decided to move the plant that makes Pontiac products to China. This was a way to produce goods cheaper than in the United States and enter the market international. When making this move into the international market Riordan Manufacturing has trademarks on their plastic bottles and other plastic products that the Paris Convention would cover. Environmental Regulations Environmental regulations are guidelines that are in place to govern how matters that effect human life and environment handle. WTO rules a nation can require foreign producers to comply with environmental standards that are required by domestic firms (Schaffer, Agusti, & Earle, 2009). Riordan Manufacturing had to make sure that when moving their company from Michigan to China that the environmental regulations are followed. China has been working with great determination in recent years to develop, implement, and enforce a solid environmental law framework. Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system EPA- China Environmental Initiative (2009). Having a manufacturing company Riordan had to make sure that the plant that was being built was welcome in China and it adhered to the regulation guidelines. Riordan also had to follow the pollution regulation and the energy regulation. Production of their products was welcome and they learned the environmental regulation to take their business to China. Political Risks of Operating a MFG Company in China China has been one of desirable areas that any international companies would want to expand their business to. Its evolving economy, huge manufacturing base, enormous supply of natural resources are dangerously attractive, yet the expansion to this developing country comes with risks. The political risks in China Riordan Company should consider is that China is increasingly pressuring foreign investors to transfer technology to local producers, which could erode the patent protections and competitiveness of investors. Next fact that Riordan should consider is that as they focus on shifting growth from exports to domestic consumption, China’s leaders may withdraw tax benefits for foreign investors. Infrastructure bottlenecks and strong upward pressures on government-controlled electricity and fuel prices also create considerable uncertainty around manufacturing efficiency and operating expenses. Our initial decision to locate our China operations in Hangzhou was driven largely by the fact that our Chinese partners already had facilities there that should be able to handle all regulations and political surroundings. As a join venture partner, Riordan Company should understand sporadic fuel shortages and worsening urban gridlock inject ambiguity into forecasts for domestic auto demand growth. In short, low-cost manufacturing and vast potential domestic demand is offset by uncertainty in regulatory and infrastructure capacity. This makes China a potentially higher-risk, higher-reward investment destination. Riordan Company executive management also should outline framework for understanding how local political and market dynamics affect foreign ventures. China holds tremendous promise as a manufacturing centre and market, but management should remember are social, regulatory and energy issues around the next curve in the road. Political-risk analysis should have been processed to contemplate not just broad, easily observable trends but also the nuances of society and the quirks of personality that can affect a venture’s success. For Riordan Company to be successful in join venture in Hangzhou China Riordan must obtain professionally prepared political risk analysis giving current assessments and forecasts of future stability. They can also seek consulting firms, insurance industry reports, reports of U. S. government agencies, and informal discussions with experienced international bankers nd shipping company representatives. Outline of the Possibilities for Foreign Investment and Securities A company that operates in a foreign country has to comply with the laws of that country. As a rule international business causes great pressures for U. S. business managers. A projected high profit margin weighs little if local law prevents repatriation of profits to the foreign investor’s home jurisdict ion. Riordan Manufacturing made the decision to expand internationally for the following reasons. China attempts to encourage investments from foreign residents. The following are among the reasons that foreign investors are attracted to China: †¢ Extremely low labor costs. †¢ A tremendous buyers' market in China itself with a population of 1. 3 billion. †¢ An expectation of a sharp increase in the buying power of Chinese residents, a fact that is influenced by the annual GDP of over 8% per annum and the low rates of inflation. †¢ In recent years, Chinese laws concerning foreign investments have been significantly eased. The total FDI in China for 2006 totaled 63 billion dollars. Conclusion From the beginning of the nineties and particularly from 2001, when China joined the WTO, until the present, the attitude to foreign investment in China has changed, among other matters, foreign investors are permitted to form companies that are 100% owned by foreign capital. Sales to the local market are permitted and foreign investment is also allowed in sectors other than industry and hi-tech, such as banking, insurance, financial services, etc. As a result of joining the WTO, China is expected to standardize specific benefits that were previously granted only to overseas investors or only to Chinese companies. As a general rule, industries in China that are open to foreign investments are divided into 3 categories, an encouraged investment, a restricted investment and a prohibited investment. Foreign investors cannot invest in projects that are connected with the military and defense industries in China. There are also restrictions on 100% control of foreign investors over transport, the automobile industry and power stations. Benefits that China grants to foreign investors are not given in the form of grants. Most benefits are in the form of a tax benefit, including value added tax, customs and income tax benefits in putting the mphasis on an investment in a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) or in special sectors and areas. The benefits granted are as previously approved according to the nature of the foreign investment. There are 5 SEZ's in China in the south of the country, the main tax benefits are: corporate tax of 15%. A benefit of â€Å"2 + 3 years â€Å"which means an exemption from ta x for the first two years and tax at the rate of 12. 5% for the next three years. Pudong Zone (Shanghai) In the Pudong zone there are 5 development zones specializing in hi-tech, financial services, agriculture and more. The benefits are similar to those granted to investors in an SEZ. References Schaffer, R. , Agusti, F. ,& Earle, B. (2009, 2005). International Business Law and Its Environment (7th Ed. ). Mason, Ohio: South-Western, Cengage Learning. World Wide- Tax& Finance (2009). China Foreign Investment Incentives. Retrieved December 1, 2009, from www. worlwide-tax. com/china/chi_invest. asp United States Patent and Trademark Office 2009. Definitions. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. uspto. gov/ EPA- China Environment Law Initiative November 2009. Retrieved on November 30, 2009 from www. epa. gov/ogc/china/initiative_home. htm

Assess the Significance of the Role of Individuals in Reducing Racial Discrimination in the Period 1877-1981

tax the signifi lotce of the role of individuals in cut racial discrimination in the goal 1877-1981. The post- elegantized war era of the Statesn account statement could be indicated as iodin with immense promise for Afri sack up the Statesns. With the northward harming the civilised War and capital of Nebraska granting the independence resolution in 1863, sure enough the seeds had been lay for equality for tout ensemble in the States ominouss and whites included? contempt the foundations having been dictated for equality, it whitethorn non be impress that solely small attainment was make when Lincoln- the rescuer of fatals- had little interest in abolishing bondage in the start-off of all ready if I could save the Union with out(p) expiration either slave, I would do it. However, it chiffoniernot be contest that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation did win respect commensurate-bodied a glance of bank for African Americans De Jure, the African Americans end-to-end America had immunity and were able to will the thraldom of Southern plantation owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the years succeeding(a) the Civil War failed to associate this advanced hope for B omits and that racism & discrimination proceed for legion(predicate) years to come? The caprice of colours growth the mind set they necessary in line of battle to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their underdeveloped consciousness. Throughout the 19th and twentieth century, it was perspicuous that moodys had begun to realise that they too had rights and were empower to the analogous as the Whites.Through the reckon of fundamental laws such as the NAACP ( groundal Association for the Advancement of colour People) and the Harlem rebirth as well as individuals such as William Edward Burg votelesst (W. E. B) Du Bois dumbs in American began underdeveloped their identity as a classify and using th is to fight tooshie against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, universe an educated sick- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and study explanation at Harvard University- he became the first Afro-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In pitch to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois join lunges with the wish well minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACPs main central points were The abolition of segregation equal balloting rights educational opportunities for drear people the enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs causes, it could be fenced that the main thing they did for the progress of Black equation was the uniting of Blacks under whiz force by 1918 t present were virtually 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under ace transcription cannot be ignored, for the first eon the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to f ight for their freedom. unitary give away outcome which argues against the idea that individuals were remarkable in step-down racial discrimination is that of WWI argued by Sanders- The for the first beat World War generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality. The intervention of Blacks abroad- specially France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at floor was unsportsman standardized and that they were so in a blank space which essential to diversity.It is a hard business and then to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased callable to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, validations equivalent the NAACP or steadyts like WWI. Mevery would argue that it was not a one atomic number 53 of these occurrenceors which led to the increase of Blacks credit of potential. ane argument however is that for certain without individuals tramp the arrangings, the work and opposition of the organ isation is secret code? Individuals are able to lead, lift and counterbalance inspire roughthing that events and organisations are ineffectual to do.The serve of increased black nationalism is for certain unity which cannot be over brassed indeed it may not take in achieved consentient changes in law, and some go as utmost to say that it may put one(a) across even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the instruction of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights operation for many African Americans facility a sense of self-conceit wrong the patrol wagon of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to oarlock any credible progress on the black nationalism nominal head it is first all important(p) to attempt to define Black democracyalism.A dewy-eyed definition of it would be that it was an political orientation which stresses the desire for separatism of the black dry wash symmetry as a peopl e, pride in African heritage, the creation of sovereign institutions and the face for a territory to plant a nation (Cone, 1991, 122). However the political theory of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals a utter(a) example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther faggot. The twain deepen drastically between their methods in acme black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm Xs campaign for the improve lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his manoeuvre were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr poove Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that Im here to incite the white man of the resource to Dr King. This statement could be seen to add up up the purpose of Malcolm X delinquent to the lack of credible change devoted to him, one has to question whether his purpose was and just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in term of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be peremptory and oppose Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was run by a bunch of thugs. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed communicate first solicitude to the awful conditions in the ghettos and fit to the FBI, he was The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims.This can be credited to Malcolm X organism a Zeitgeist he was able to angle into the spirit of the time and the feelings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that circumstantial time for the black nationalism faecal mat ter it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful microscope stage and the can of black civil rights and nationalism which had been impetuous brightly was indeed commence to flame dimmer or some faculty even say had done for(p) out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can quieten come back to the basics of the study without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event sure as shooting no progress at all would let been made? If one is able to look at the larger watch of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years survey the Significance of the Role of Individuals in bring down Racial Discrimination in the limit 1877-1981Assess the significance of the role of individuals in reducing racial discrimination in the period 1877-1981. The post-civil war era of American history could be argued as one with great promise for Af rican Americans. With the North winning the Civil War and Lincoln granting the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863, surely the seeds had been sown for equality for all in America blacks and whites included?Despite the foundations having been laid for equality, it may not be surprising that only small progress was made when Lincoln- the saviour of Blacks- had little interest in abolishing slavery in the first place if I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it. However, it cannot be disputed that, whatever his intentions had been, Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation did provide just a glimpse of hope for African Americans De Jure, the African Americans throughout America had freedom and were able to leave the slavery of Southern plantation owners.Why is it then, that De Facto, the years following the Civil War failed to provide this new hope for Blacks and that racism & discrimination continued for many years to come? The idea of Blacks developing the mind set they needed in order to fight for their freedom can be categorised as their developing consciousness. Throughout the 19th and 20th century, it was evident that Blacks had begun to realise that they too had rights and were entitled to the same as the Whites.Through the work of organisations such as the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) and the Harlem Renaissance as well as individuals such as William Edward Burghardt (W. E. B) Du Bois Blacks in American began developing their identity as a group and using this to fight back against the oppression of Whites. Du Bois was known as a vocal critic of Booker T Washington, being an educated Black- graduating from Fisk University in 1885 and studying history at Harvard University- he became the first African-American to receive a Ph.D. From Harvard. In order to develop Black Consciousness, Du Bois joined forces with the like minded activists of the NAACP. The NAACPs main focal points were The abolition of segrega tion equal voting rights educational opportunities for black people the enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Despite the main focuses of the NAACPs campaigns, it could be argued that the main thing they did for the progress of Black Equality was the uniting of Blacks under one force by 1918 there were around 43,994 members in the NAACP.This gathering of Blacks under one organisation cannot be ignored, for the first time the African-Americans of America were joining together in order to fight for their freedom. One key event which argues against the idea that individuals were significant in reducing racial discrimination is that of WWI argued by Sanders- The First World War generated jobs and gave blacks soldiers a glimpse of greater equality. The treatment of Blacks abroad- particularly France- showed the African-Americans that the treatment they were receiving at home was unfair and that they were indeed in a situation which needed to change.It is a hard task ind eed to decide whether or Black Consciousness increased due to the work solely of individuals such as Du Bois, organisations like the NAACP or events like WWI. many another(prenominal) would argue that it was not a single one of these factors which led to the increase of Blacks realisation of potential. One argument however is that surely without individuals behind the organisations, the work and impact of the organisation is nothing? Individuals are able to lead, organise and even inspire something that events and organisations are unable to do.The process of increased black nationalism is certainly one which cannot be unmarked indeed it may not have achieved solid changes in law, and some go as far to say that it may have even hindered the advancement of Black Civil Rights. Despite this one could argue that the development of black nationalism catalysed the civil rights movement for many African Americans installing a sense of pride inside the hearts of many which was drastically needed at the time. Before trying to pin any credible progress on the black nationalism movement it is first important to attempt to define Black Nationalism.A simple definition of it would be that it was an ideology which stresses the desire for separatism of the black race unity as a people, pride in African heritage, the creation of autonomous institutions and the search for a territory to build a nation (Cone, 1991, 122). However the ideology of black nationalists varies greatly between individuals a perfect example of this is Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. The two vary drastically between their methods in raising black nationalism.The methods and effectiveness of Malcolm Xs campaign for the improved lives of black Americans are up for questioning by many. Indeed his tactics were more radicalised than his non-violent counterpart Dr King Malcolm X even stated in Washington, 1964 that Im here to remind the white man of the alternative to Dr King. This statement could be seen t o sum up the purpose of Malcolm X due to the lack of credible change attached to him, one has to question whether his purpose was merely just to show what could happen (increased radicalisation and violence) if the demands of Dr King were not met.This lack of credible, positive actions and change by Malcolm X and his current organisation the Nation Of Islam is an idea which can be- and has been- argued in depth. One could argue that, in terms of De Jure, Malcolm X did not achieve anything significant and indeed many considered him to be irresponsible and negative Thurgood Marshall even went as far as to say that the NOI was run by a bunch of thugs. Despite this, De Facto, one cannot simply ignore the fact that Malcolm X did indeed draw early attention to the awful conditions in the ghettos and according to the FBI, he was The most successful recruiter for the Black Muslims.This can be credited to Malcolm X being a Zeitgeist he was able to tap into the spirit of the time and the feel ings of the people, using this to draw the huge amounts of support he did for the Nation of Islam. Indeed it may be seen that a radical, passionate individual like Malcolm X was needed at that specific time for the black nationalism movement it cannot be ignored that Martin Luther King was not at his most successful stage and the fire of black civil rights and nationalism which had been burning brightly was indeed beginning to burn dimmer or some might even say had gone out at the time.After looking at the impact in which individuals had on the civil rights movement and the contrast of events, one can still come back to the fundamentals of the debate without an individual to start an organisation or instigate an event surely no progress at all would have been made? If one is able to look at the larger picture of the progress made in reducing racial discrimination in the years